Hydraulic System

Amra, Jordan

 

Amra was supplied by a 40m-deep ground-water well (photo center, behind arch). The water was pumped to a large holding tank behind the well, and distributed from there to the baths. This photo shows the pumping mechanism. A horizontal wood beam (waist height, photo center) is attached to the vertical shaft. Plodding around in a circle, a tethered animal would push the beam, which turned the vertical shaft, which was geared to the horizontal shaft, which turned the windlass, which raised water from the well. 

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Système hydraulique

Amra, en Jordanie

Amra a été fourni par un 40m de profondeur des eaux souterraines ainsi (photo au centre, derrière arc). L'eau était pompée dans un réservoir de grande exploitationderrière le puits, et distribué à partir de là aux bains. Cette photo montre le mécanisme de pompage. Une poutre de bois horizontal (hauteur de la taille, un centre de photo) est fixé à l'arbre vertical. Laborieux autour d'un cercle, un animal captif serait pousser lefaisceau, qui a transformé le puits vertical, qui a été axée sur l'arbre horizontal, qui a transformé le guindeau, qui a soulevé l'eau du puits............................

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Impianto idraulico

Amra, Jordan

Amra è stato fornito da un 40-deep terra-acqua di pozzo (foto al centro, dietro arco).L'acqua è stata pompata in un serbatoio grande holding dietro il pozzo, e distribuito da lìai bagni. Questa foto mostra il meccanismo di pompaggio. Una trave orizzontale(altezza della vita, foto centro) è fissato all'albero verticale. Arrancando intorno in uncerchio, un animale legato avrebbe spinto la trave, che ha trasformato l'albero verticale, che è stata orientata verso l'asse orizzontale, che si rivelò il verricello, che ha sollevatol'acqua dal pozzo.

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Sistema hidráulico

Amra, Jordania

Amra fue suministrada por uno de 40 m de profundidad del suelo-agua de pozo (foto del centro, detrás del arco). El agua se bombea a un tanque de almacenamiento de gran tamaño detrás del pozo, y se distribuye desde allí a los baños. Esta foto muestra elmecanismo de bombeo. Una viga de madera horizontal (altura de la cintura, la fotocentro) está unido al eje vertical. Perseverante alrededor de un círculo, un animal atadoque empujar la viga, que se convirtió el eje vertical, que estaba orientado en el ejehorizontal, que se convirtió el molinete, lo que elevó el agua del pozo.

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Hydraulik-System

Amra, Jordanien

Amra wurde von einem 40 Meter tiefen Boden-Wasser-Brunnen (Foto Mitte, hinterBogen) geliefert. Das Wasser wurde zu einem großen Vorratstank hinter dem Brunnengepumpt und von dort aus verteilt zu den Bädern. Das Foto zeigt denPumpmechanismus. Ein horizontaler Holzbalken (Hüfthöhe, Foto Mitte) ist an der vertikalen Achse befestigt. Plackerei im Kreis herum, würde eine gefesselte Tierschieben Sie den Strahl, der die vertikale Achse gedreht, die auf die horizontale Achseausgerichtet wurde, die die Winde, die Wasser aus dem Brunnen erhoben sich.

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Υδραυλικό Σύστημα

Amra, Ιορδανία

Amra δόθηκαν από 40μ-βαθιά στα υπόγεια ύδατα και (φωτογραφία κέντρο, πίσω απόαψίδα). Το νερό αντλείται σε μια μεγάλη δεξαμενή εκμετάλλευση πίσω από το καλά, καιαπό εκεί διανέμεται στα λουτρά. Αυτή η φωτογραφία δείχνει το μηχανισμό άντλησης. Έναοριζόντιο δοκάρι ξύλο (το ύψος της μέσης, φωτογραφία κέντρο) επισυνάπτεται στονκάθετο άξονα. Βραδυκίνητοι γύρω σε έναν κύκλο, ένα δεμένο ζώο θα ωθήσει τη δέσμη, η οποία μετέτρεψε το κάθετο άξονα, η οποία είχε στόχο τη οριζόντιο άξονα, ο οποίος γύρισετην εργάτης, ο οποίος έθεσε το νερό από το πηγάδι.

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النظام الهيدروليكي

عمرة، الأردن

تم تزويد عمرة من بئر الماء  البالغ عمقه 40 م.(الصوره الوسطى وراء القوس). المياه كانت تضخ الى خزان كبير خلف البئر و يتم توزيعها من هناك الى الحمامات هذه الصوره تظهر ألية الضخ.عارضة الخشب الأفقية متصله مع العارضه العاموديه في الفتحه العاموديه.

تحول الحركه بشكل دائري, و حيوان مربوط ليدفع العارضه , التي سوف تدير العارضه العاموديه التي ستوجه العارضه الأفقيه, التي ستحول ألة الرفع لترفع الماء من البئر.

Hadrian's Arch, Jerash

The present state of Hadrian's Arch (2005) is difficult to appreciate, as it undergoes reconstruction beneath the scaffolding that is seen here from the north.

Hippodrome, Jerash

The Hippodrome of Jerash, constructed in the second century AD, is only half the length of Rome's Circus Maximus. Nevertheless, it must have provided considerable entertainment to the citizens; chariot races were the ultimate sport of the later Roman Empire. The view here looks south, from the top of the arena's great hairpin arch down to its starting point, 245m (800 ft) below.

South Theatre, Jerash

This view of the South Theatre shows the east half of its cavea, with parados (photo left) leading onto the orchestra and vomitoria exiting upon the diazoma.

South Theatre, Jerash

Returning to the south end of the site, this photo looks north from the cavea of the South Theatre to the classical three entrances of its Scenae Frons. The use of these entrances will be familiar even to modern-day audiences who have seen the popular Broadway musical, "A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum," which was loosely based on the Old Roman comedy of Plautus. Jerash's South Theatre was built during the reign of Domitian, c. 90 AD, and held over 3,000 spectators.

Floor Mosaic

Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Jerash

A complex and pleasing design of diamonds overlaid upon squares includes volumetric swastikas, donor inscriptions (photo left), depictions of birds, sheep, and ungulates, and donor portraits (photo left, carrying basket).

Stork and Hound Mosaic

Original location: Jordan, Church of St. John the Baptist, Jerash, 529 A.D.

Current location (2005): Jordanian Museum of Popular Tradition, Roman Theatre, Amman

This fragment is from the southeast exedra of the church. Acanthus leaves and buds encircle the stork (upper right) and hound (lower left), interspersed with motifs of small swastikas.

North Tetrapylon

The north tetrapylon marks the intersection of the Cardo and North Decumanus. It is seen here from the west, in the vicinity of the North Theatre. The interior vaulting of this structure is a dome, rather than the intersection of two barrel vaults as one might expect.

Reserved Seating

South Theatre, Jerash

Reserved seats in the theatre were simply marked with Greek letters; compare the reserved seats in the North Theatre.

Reserved Seating

North Theatre, Jerash

This orchestra seat, on the northwest side of the theatre, is reserved by inscription for Hera ('Eras, in Greek); that is to say, for a priest of that goddess. Other seats in the orchestra are similarly reserved for other temples and phylai (voting divisions). Seating in the larger South Theatre was also reserved, under a different scheme.

East Parados

North Theatre, Jerash

The paradoi of a theater provide side access to the stage and orchestra, as seen here.

North Theatre, Jerash

This intimate theater (odeon, seating 800) is oriented to the northeast, which is the view in this photo. It was originally built during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD) as the city's council chamber, and later enlarged. Seating was allocated by political and religious castes (phylai), as shown on the following pages.

Temple of Artemis

This is a view from the south, in which several columns of the temple have been re-erected in front of the cella.

North Propylaeum

Temple of Artemis, Jerash

The monumental entrance to Jerash's Temple of Artemis is flanked by two magnificent gateways, of which the right (north) is seen here. Her temple was built in the mid-second century AD, at the height of Jerash's prosperity. Artemis was the tutelary deity (Tyche) of Gerasa, which is to say, the chief guardian and protector of the city.

Pedimental Decoration

Nymphaeum, Jerash

A fine vegetal motif decorates the pediment of Jerash's Nymphaeum, testifying to the very high level of craftsmanship that existed in Jerash at that time.

Nymphaeum, Jerash

The Nymphaeum (a public fountain) of Jerash was built towards the end of the second century AD, when the city (and indeed the entire Roman Empire, according to Gibbon) was "most prosperous and happy" under the Antonines. In the foreground is a circular basin that received waters from the fountain, which were conducted through pipes whose outlets are visible in the background (center of the lower course) of this photo.

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Italiano.

Ninfeo - Jerash, Giordania

Il Ninfeo (una fontana pubblica) di Jerash è stata costruita verso la fine del II secolo dC, quando la città (e in effetti l'intero Impero Romano, secondo Gibbon) è stato "più prospera e felice" sotto gli Antonini. In primo piano è una vasca circolare che ha ricevuto le acque della fontana, che sono stati condotti attraverso i tubi le cui uscite sono visibili sullo sfondo (centro del corso inferiore) di questa foto.

Exedra

Cathedral, Jerash

The fourth century "Cathedral" of Jerash is located west of the Cardo, just before the much larger temple of Artemis (those early Christians must have suffered from a serious case of temple envy). Shown here is the exedra, or "bishop's seat," whose iconography includes the Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, surmounted by a scallop design that has deep roots in pagan antiquity.

South Decumanus, Jerash

Looking west down the South Decumanus, from the South Tetrapylon. This is one of two cardinal intersections in Jerash; the other is the North Decumanus, intersecting with the North Tetrapylon.

Inscribed Pedestal

Macellum, Jerash

This modified object is inscribed for Tiberius Alexandros, governor of the province in 130 AD. The pedestal most likely supported a statue of the governor, who paid for the construction of the marketplace. Drilled straight through the base is an opening for a lead pipe, which would have conducted water to the fountain seen on the previous page.

Macellum, Jerash

This grocery market (Greek agora) of ancient Jerash presents a complicated archaeological picture, due to reuse of parts of the structure in Byzantine and Islamic times. The heart of the building, pictured here, is a Roman-period courtyard with cruciform fountain that is surrounded by Corinthian columns.